This article aims at shedding light on the concept of postmodernism, and its implications in TESOL. Postmodern philosophy as a prevalent concept and a hot buzzword in philosophy, science, and art is believed to have influenced TESOL theoretically in some ways. The elements of postmodernism including: constructivism, subjectivism, relativism, localism, and pragmatism are found to have been applied in TESOL to the concept of the demise of the methods, more focus on styles, strategies, multiple intelligences, chaos/complexity theory and critical theories. But in practice, in Iran TESOL still lives in the modem era.

During the last few centuries, geopolitics has taken many entities, sometimes served in war and peace and sometimes its emphasis has been on the economic capabilities and has caused integration and cooperation. However, it has been considered with the realistic approach to international politics phenomena. In the framework of classical geopolitics, states are seeking the acquisition of sensitive lands to gain power and achieve more national interests. However, on the one hand, it has encountered with multilateral challenges of globalization and critical theories of international relations. These challenges changed intellectual mindset of new geopoliticians and has led to decreases and sidelining of the geopolitical importance. On the other hand, the focus has been attuned to human and emancipation; therefore, national identity, national interests, and territorial boundaries have been the marginalized by the globalization process began.

Information revolution resulted in basic mutation in power phenomenon. In countries domestic scene, by increasingly expanding of democracy waves, we are witness of becoming deficient of repression tools behalf of governments and their undertaking in economic-technologic domains. In international scene, rehearsal of international boycotts and efficiency of foreign loans and assistance in conduncting countries foreign policy, has critical role. In addition, information revolution has changed power tools and resources. So that in national and international scene, countries which have advanced information technology, also will have more power. Current age changes especially in power phenomenon area were emphasized by various scientifics like Francis Fukuyama, Samuel Huntington and Alvin Toffler. The aim of this article is answering to this question that how could explain the process of power changes in passing modern period to postmodern? Based on these research findings, transition of hard power to soft power, through new power relying on wisdom principle is possible. However, It cannot definitely mention to this transition as a promise to totalitarianism end and obtain of the best.

The above research aimed to investigate education as a social capital in the postmodern era. The above study has been compiled from a library and based on domestic and foreign articles and references. The results of the above research show that since postmodernism has a critical view of the problems and dead ends of modernity, it believes that modernity has not been able to respond to many human needs. Especially from the point of view of education, he has put forward new ideas that have caused the identification of the weaknesses and crises of the modernist educational system, including using the method of deconstructing academic texts, supporting localism and regionalization in the educational system, paying attention to another element in education. Special attention has been given to critique and criticism, recommendations for dialogue-oriented education and training, and an emphasis on qualitative research methods in the field of humanities and educational sciences; despite these, the postmodernity movement itself also has criticism and revision. In the end, it can be said that identifying post-modern academic teachings and realizing its strengths and weaknesses can help increase awareness and improve educators' knowledge level to face this way of thinking.

The Event of the Last upper of Jesus Christ has always been considered as one of the most important events in Christianity. Many artists have addressed this event in their artwork; the most important and best-known representation of this event was addressed in Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper fresco that is displayed in the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The importance of this painting emerges from the fact that new readings and interpretations of this work have been made even in the contemporary era.Multiple images represented have The Last Supper in the contemporary era, with changes in the concept and content according to the features and the problems of contemporary society. The goal here is to study the represented works of Da Vinci’s The Last Supper in the era of postmodernism by following the period’s characteristics and conditions of this time. The content and meanings of the represented works of the Last Supper have changed. There are many represented examples of da Vinci’s The Last Supper of which, in this study, two sample images of artistic means (abstract-minimalism) have been analyzed and described.Data in this study has been collected by using documentations from the library, and finally, the images which represent the cultural aspects and the features of the society for audiences have been analyzed and described. In fact, these images are contemporary cultural objects which express new concepts. The wordtypes used were different, but meanings such as spirituality and holiness have been expressed by several signs in both works. By placing a timeless work of art in different positional contexts, therefore, new meanings are created.

Despite many thinkers have written about postmodern ethics, a determinate answer to the question "what is the ethics of postmodern?" is not found. Postmodern approaches to ethics are as vague as and as complex as postmodernism, itself. None of ethical normative theories have been supported by postmodernists, except Aristotle's theory. Postmodern ethics is based on, the ambiguity of human identity, the collapse of moral authority, incredulity toward traditional meta-narrative, lack of a universal standard and irrationality of moral phenomena, the characteristics which ultimately identify postmodern ethics as the ethics of responsibility. Describing moral current realities in post modernity, the present essay, explains the ethics of responsibility. In this paper, I have focused more on Bauman's and Levinas's opinions.

The museum as a cultural-social institution is influenced by the values of the society and the ideology that dominates it. Among these ideologies is nationalism, which has been particularly important in the formation and evolution of museums in the world. The transformation of museums since the establishment of this institution in Europe can be related to the idea of nationalism, which can be examined in the framework of two main paradigms of modern and postmodern nationalism. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to explain the relationship between museums and nationalism. The question is how nationalism played a role in the formation of the "concept", "position" and "function" of museums and how has the paradigm shift of nationalism caused a significant change in the institution of the museum? The research method is descriptive-analytical and comparative. In this regard, the ideas related to nationalism among modern and postmodern intellectual trends have been taken into consideration. The data is also collected in a library way. The results of the data analysis show that the emergence of the idea of nationalism in the modern paradigm was accompanied by the reopening of museums for public visits, the establishment of national museums, and the expansion of museums in Europe and America. It can be said that these events had a direct and inseparable connection with the colonial currents. Also, after the dominance of the post-colonial discourse and the transformation in the concept of nationalism in connection with the new discourse, another wave of museums has emerged as a tool of independence and an identity-giving factor. On the other hand, it can be concluded that the formation of the third movement in museums has a clear connection with the stabilization of the discourse of postmodern nationalism, which has made it a necessity for museums to encounter subcultures.

Postmodernism is a very ambiguous term. It attracted many researchers from different fields of knowledge in the late 1960s. This article explains intertextuality as a critical means to derive its concepts and components in order to understand the hidden layers of meaning in postmodern pluralist ideology. Variable thoughts of postmodern architecture have been divided into two categories— Historicist and Deconstruction— to be able to detect and classify the inner layers of meaning in postmodern architecture. The authors seek to answer these questions: 1. How can we achieve the intertextual relationship between Historicist postmodern architecture and Deconstruction? 2. How can we define Historicist postmodern architecture and Deconstruction into the diachronic and synchronic axes? The results show that Historicist postmodernism uses objective signifiers and moves only along the diachronic axis. This group only imitates the past and its elements have humor and irony in the works. Due to the lack of attention to the synchronic axis, some parts of intertextuality are missing. These include the uncertainty of meaning and multilayered texts, which are principles of intertextuality. Deconstruction moves in both the diachronic and synchronic axes and, unlike Historicist ones, multi-meaning, multi-valued, and multi-layered features are seen in the works. They use both previous and contemporary texts. The method of data analysis is based on causal comparison and the rational analysis of authors. This article is a logical reasoning research that uses reasoning to explain relationships and understand the components of a subjective system after gathering information and understanding the theory of intertextuality.